The Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) and Wellspring Development designed and hosted a series of in-person and online consultations with partners of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs to examine challenges in improving the quality of diets of population groups living in rural areas of Low and Lower-Middle Income countries. These groups largely consume nutrient-inadequate, even unhealthy, diets and face heavy burdens of malnutrition. This second paper, out of six, looks specifically at the challenges of defining and understanding different groups of rural populations. The aim of the discussions was to explore a range of approaches used in defining segments and implications of chosen segments for programme design to help the organisations involved understand how to incorporate these ideas in future work. The bulk of the discussion reflected in this paper is from an online meeting held on 30 September 2024, with the participation of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bopinc, CARE Netherlands, East-West Seeds, GIZ, the Netherlands Food Partnership, One Acre Fund, and the Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation.